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In a 2014 study, the mass of the entire Milky Way is estimated to be 8.5 × 10 11 M ☉, but this is only half the mass of the Andromeda Galaxy. A recent 2019 mass estimate for the Milky Way is 1.29 × 10 12 M ☉.
Many dwarf galaxies may orbit a single larger galaxy; the Milky Way has at least a dozen such satellites, with an estimated 300–500 yet to be discovered. Most of the information we have about dwarf galaxies come from observations of the local group , containing two spiral galaxies, the Milky Way and Andromeda, and many dwarf galaxies.
Andromeda Galaxy. A visible light image of the Andromeda Galaxy. Messier 32 is to the left of the galactic nucleus and Messier 110 is at the bottom right. The Andromeda Galaxy is a barred spiral galaxy and is the nearest major galaxy to the Milky Way. It was originally named the Andromeda Nebula and is cataloged as Messier 31, M31, and NGC 224.
Star count. Star counts are bookkeeping surveys of stars and the statistical and geometrical methods used to correct the survey data for bias. The surveys are most often made of nearby stars in the Milky Way galaxy . One of the interests of astronomy is to determine how many stars there are of each of several types that stars can be categorized ...
In November 2013, it was estimated that 22±8% of Sun-like stars in the Milky Way galaxy may have an Earth-sized planet in the habitable zone. [8] [117] Assuming 200 billion stars in the Milky Way, [d] that would be 11 billion potentially habitable Earths, rising to 40 billion if red dwarfs are included.
1995 — First detection of small-scale structure in the cosmic microwave background. 1995 — Hubble Deep Field survey of galaxies in field 144 arc seconds across. 1998 — The 2dF Galaxy Redshift Survey maps the large-scale structure in a section of the Universe close to the Milky Way. 1998 — The Hubble Deep Field South is compiled.
N = the number of civilizations in the Milky Way galaxy with which communication might be possible (i.e. which are on the current past light cone); and N ∗ = Number of stars in the Milky Way Galaxy; f p = the fraction of those stars that have planets. n e = the average number of planets that can potentially support life per star that has planets.
Ceers-2112 formed soon after the big bang created the universe (which is estimated to be 13.8 billion years old), and the galaxy’s distinct structure was already in place 2.1 billion years later.
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